Medicinal Plants: Magical Bullet for Countless Disorders

Pushpa C. Tomar^* , Lokesh Verma , Anoop , Komal Arora

Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, -121004 India

Corresponding Author Email: dr.tomarpushpa@gmail.com

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7099226

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Introduction

The Prevention Of Disease, Management Of Chronic Conditions, And Health Advancement Are Proactive Healthcare Techniques That Emphasize Prevention At Various Stages Along The Healthcare Continuum. The Purpose Of Health Promotion And Disease Control Approaches Is To Keep People Healthy And Keep Them From Becoming Ill. Primary Prevention Activities Are The Name Given To These Techniques. Preventive Treatments Are Divided Into Three Categories [1].

1.      Primary Preventive Treatment: – Try To Limit The Number Of New Cases Of A Disease. At This Level Of Prevention, We Have Health Promotion/Education As Well As Specialized Preventative Interventions (For Example -Immunization)

2.      Secondary Preventive Treatment: – Aims In Reducing The Number Of People Who Have Already Been Diagnosed With A Condition Or Sickness (Prevalence). This Category Largely Includes Tools For Early Diagnosis (For Example -Screening) And Speedy Treatment.

3.      Tertiary Preventive Treatment: – Efforts To Minimize The Amount Of Disability Induced By A Pre-Existing Illness. This Level Entails Disability Restrictions And Healing. The Secondary And Tertiary Prevention Efforts Are Aimed At Keeping People With Chronic Illnesses Well, Slowing The Advancement Of Illnesses, And Preventing Difficulties. Disease Prevention Should Concentrate On The Strategies That Reduce Disease Risk, Identify The Risk Factors Or Detect Sickness In Its Early, Most Curable Phases. Disease Preventive Treatments Involve Regular Well-Baby Checkups, Vaccines, Calcium (Ca), And Vitamin D Supplements To Reduce The Risk Of Osteoporosis, Hypertension, And Cholesterol Screening During Yearly Health Tests. Screening For Breast Cancer, Cervical, Colorectal, And Prostate Cancer [2]. Understanding The Links Between Nutrition, Food Production, And The Environment All Have An Impact On Public Health. Is Crucial For Achieving A More Sustainable Future. As A Result, The Distinction Between Therapy And The Prevention Of Certain Diseases Might Be Blurry At Times. Treatment Of Moderate Hypertension, For Example, Can Prevent Many Chronic Renal Illnesses. Noncommunicable Illnesses Include Obesity, Cancer, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), And Diabetes And Its Consequences.The concept of deriving any kind of medicinal benefits from flora is nothing new. The entire history of mankind is peppered with humans using a wide variety of plants for treating various kinds of ailments and diseases. Natural items made from various plants used in disease treatment have gone on to reaffirm that nature has always and shall continue to construct a golden mark to demonstrate the interdependence of man and his surroundings. The study and application of herbal medicine in the treatment of illnesses are becoming increasingly popular [3]. Ayurveda has been an integral part of Indian healing practices since time immemorial and has now been adopted by countries throughout the world [4]. The highly diversified instruments in Ayurveda’s arsenal range from the consumption of mango for the treatment of herpes to the digestion-boosting effects of Tulsi. The use of plants is not only limited to medicine but also extends to a lot of aesthetic and environmental benefits as well Lobster Claws serve as effective ornamentation in homes; Ashoka is very effective for creating a noise-free ambiance whenever required  [5]. .

The fear of the majority in the usefulness of synthetic drugs or revolutionary drug always go along with its single or numerous adverse impact on health. Medicinal plants have provided humanity with a wide diversification of powerful drugs to ease or, in some cases, eradicate infections. Though many advances have been made in modern (synthetic) medicine, there still remain a huge number of afflictions and infections which are yet to be  reasonably sedate synthesized. As a result, plants can be reported as major medicine sources, not only as confined active remedies to be dispensed in the form of consistency but also as effective drugs for the citizens.

In spite of the rapid advancement of modern synthetic drugs in this era, many plant-derived drugs have retained and shall continue to retain their significance and relevance. The use of plant-based drugs all over the world is escalating [6].. According to a recent report published by WHO, approximately 80% of the world’s population relies on herbal medicine for their essential health care needs. WHO also states that 21000 plant species around the world can be used for medicine production. Approximately 30% of the whole species of plants or their extracts at a time or others were used for therapeutic objectives. It has been evaluated that in advanced nations such as the U.S., plant medications add up to as much as 25% of the total number of medications, while in quick-creating nations such as India; the aggregate is as much as 80%. Treatment via medical plants is considered to be the safest as it has minimal chances of side effects. Herbal treatment can apply to any individual irrespective of his age or gender.

Introduction to Medicinal plants

Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology refer to “medicinal plant” it is a species used in traditional medicine that has therapeutic components used to treat human or animal elements. The purpose of ethnopharmacology was to create a drug that can be used to cure patients and, in the future, to verify traditional medicinal plant use. Throughout human history, the isolation and identification of physiologically active chemicals or compounds from nature has resulted in the creation of new therapeutics, culminating in breakthroughs in the areas of health and pharmaceuticals [7]. Phytochemicals are employed as a source of novel molecules in the pharmaceutical industry’s research and development (R&D), which leads to the creation of new medications [8].

Some of the medicinal plants with their potent activities include Mangifera indica which  helps control helps controlacute cases of herpes, and liver damage and is also an effective anticancer agent [6]. Chandni (Tabernaemontana divaricata) serves various medical purposes. Its flower with oil is applied to sore eyes. The extract from roots is used for the treatment of headaches, scabies, and hypertension. Teak (Tectona Grandis) is used extensively in India for furniture and home manufacturing. It has the unique quality of termites’ resistance [9]. Apart from being scented, sandalwood and cinnamon are excellent astringents. Sandalwood is very useful in the ejection of blood, mucus, and other bodily fluids. Certain therapeutic plants include antimicrobial characteristics that kill disease-causing bacteria. Mild tonics are made from fragrant herbs such as Aloe, Goldenseal, the seal of approval skin, Barberry, and Chirayata. Toxins in the blood are reduced by the bitter taste perception of such plants. They are also beneficial in the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms [3]. The seed of Jamun (Syzygium Cumini) is utilized in the wine, vinegar, and Ayurveda. It is a good source of vitamins A and C. A new cut and wound can be properly treated with liquorice, turmeric, honey, and marshmallow. Medicinal plants such as Turmeric, Ginger, Aloe Vera, Tulsi, and Neem, cure several common ailments and are used commonly in various parts of the country. Herbs are utilized in a variety of applications, including food, perfume, tea, natural coloring, pest management, and so on. In several countries, many medicinal plants/herbs are employed as insect repellents [4].

Currently, the world is facing the pandemic of coronavirus (Covid-19). In the absence of a vaccine, the treatment was purely based on herbal remedies. Even today, when vaccines have been made, doctors suggest covid patients quarantine themselves and take ayurvedic recipes to suppress the virus. According to research by the Institute of China, areas where herbal treatment was administered, reported a smaller number of deaths as compared to the areas where herbs were not administered. Herbal plants have also proved to be useful in attenuating infectious viruses like rabies, influenza, chandipura virus, Japanese Encephalitis and other influenza viruses in the past.

New Application to the Use of Herbal Drugs: in silico Drug Discovery

Plants produce a large number of substances (secondary metabolites) throughout their lifetime as a result of physiological activities. Most of the supplies for alternative and complementary medicine was accessible through detailed clinical texts of the past century. India’s Ayurvedic monograph [10] is one of them. These guidelines do not detail reports that are appropriate for in silico assessment. Analysts have created different datasets to gather all of the data needed to speed up the evolution of new herbal medications. Without a doubt, database technology has paved the way for a variety of advanced and different ways to gain access to more complicated data. There are a variety of environmental goods collections developed by synthetic chemistry to deliver to deliver adequate resources for natural product selection and identification [11]. Fortunately, multiple databases for in silico screening of ethnopharmacology information have been created [12, 13]. Chemoinformatics [14] takes access to a wider spectrum of phytochemicals, leading to a faster pathway for pharmaceutical pathways [15].. This link (https://www.drugbank.ca/databases) will expose us to different databases for the creation of pharmaceuticals. In silico High-throughput Screening (HTS), which employs molecular docking, is widely used to decrease the count of medications for in vitro and in vivo testing. In conclusion, HTS is an appropriate solution for the assessment of a large variety of natural chemicals in a short period to identify new medications.

Herbal treatments are used to treat common diseases

1. Cancer

Cancer has emerged as one of the most serious issues and diseases of the twenty-first century., characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of cells, and have caused predominant death. Many novel medicines have appeared in the last 20 years, with some of them received from plants that are effective and safe. In addition, it has been established that a variety of plants, herbs, and vegetables can prevent or diminish the occurrence of cancer in a variety of human body parts. The phytochemicals, Alexin B and Emodin present in aloe vera have been reported to suppress/cure leukemia, and neuroectodermal tumors [16]. Allium sativum has been documented for its ability to cure bladder carcinoma and colon cancer due to the presence of bioactive compounds Allylmer Captocysteine and Allicin [17]. The presence of biologically active component Amooranin in Amoora rohituka showed effective results against cervical, pancreatic, and breast cancer [18]. Further, Andrographolide (an important phytoconstituent of Andrographis paniculata) has been recorded for its ability to have an effect against cancers of the stomach, kidney, breast, prostate, ovary, leukemia, and nasopharynx malignant melanoma [19]. Moreover, Yadav et al disclosed the role of Ashwagandha Bolide, the bioactive compound of Withania somnifera in suppressing stomach, lung, breast, colon, and brain (CNS) cancer [20]. The plant Psoralea Corylifolia is responsible for treating malignant ascites, lung cancer, leukemia, osteosarcoma, liver cancer, and fibrosarcoma that is attributable because of phytoactive compounds Bavachanin, corylifolia, psoralen [21]. The biological potency of Berberis vulgaris is due to Berberine, Cannabisin-G in the context of cancer treatment (prostate cancer, leukemia, breast and liver cancer) [22]. Melanomas have been reported to be cured by phyto-active biochemical Betulinic acid present in  Betula utilize [23]. Curcumin, the biological asset of Curcuma longa rehabilitates cancers of the lung, liver, stomach, skin, breast, esophagus, prostate, and colon [24].

• Diabetic retinopathy

It is one of the common complications of insulin-dependent diabetes (diabetes mellitus), caused due to the disruption/damage of the blood vessels of the retina, thus affecting the eyes of an individual [25].  Various therapies like anti-angiogenic therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, laser treatment, etc have been approved for their treatment but either due to their high cost or more side effects, the success rate of treatment is very low. The herbal therapy in the cure for diabetic retinopathy is a good option as many bio-actives of plants have the potential to prevent diabetes and it’s complications. Gupta & associates found the role of curcumin in controlling diabetic retinopathy. The rats treated with curcumin from the plant curcuma longa reduced the levels of glucose when compared to the control [26].

 Also, levels of retinal glutathione were accounted for to be diminished by 1.5 folds. The decreased concentration of superoxide dismutase, antioxidant enzymes, and catalase activity was documented. This is because curcumin regulates the antioxidant system very well. Supplementation of curcumin helps patients with diabetes to improve the complications related to blood vessels and prevent diabetic retinopathy. Curcumin supplementation may help diabetic individuals by reducing microvascular problems and avoiding retinal degeneration [26]. The major constituent, Eugenol, of Ocimum sanctum prevents retinopathy by acting as an antioxidant. Camellia sinensis contains epigallocatechin as a bioactive component that has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic mechanisms by which retinopathy can be prevented [27].. The extracts of Ginkgo biloba constituents flavonol glycosides (quercetin, catechin), flavones, proanthocyanidins, terpene trilactones (ginkgolides A, B, C, J, P and Q, and bilobalide) and possess neuroprotective, enhanced blood flow and antioxidant properties that control diabetic retinopathy. Also, worthy results were noticed of gingko in the retina during increased blood glucose levels [28].

3. Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is  major health of general public concern as a number of 250 million individuals are infected chronically with HBV. It is a viral disorder where the use of herbal plants is highly recommended for the cure because of their potential activities and limited supply and various side effects of effective chemical/ synthetic drugs. Recent Studies have shown the worthy results of Camellia sinensis in the elimination of HBV because of phytochemical Epigallocathechin-3-gallate [29]. Cyperus rotundus proved to be a milestone in curing HBV since cyperene-3, 8-dione, 14-hydroxy cyperotundone, 14-acetoxy cyperotundone, 3β-hydroxycyperenoic acid, and sugetriol-3, 9-diacetate are present as biological active compound [30]. Due to the presence of phytochemical Highly oxygenated norbisabolane sesquiterpenoids, phyllanthacidoid acid methyl ester, Phyllanthus acidus is capable to eradicate Hepatitis B virus [31]. Another most successful research work of Lv JJ et al., has certified the presence of Sesquiterpenoid glycoside dimers and thus the role of Phyllanthus emblica in knocking out the HB virus [32]. The phytochemicals 2β-hydroxy-3, 4-seco-friedel lactone-27-oic acid, 2β, 28β-dihydroxy-3,4-seco-friedel lactone-27-oic acid, 2β, 30β-dihydroxy-3,4-seco-friedelolactone-27-lactone and stigmastane, stigmast-25-ene-3β,5α,6β-triol of plant Viola diffusa have the potential to suppress HBV [33].

• Headache

The most common disease of the nervous system, headache, is accelerating at a rate of 48.9% in the general population. Some headaches are extremely weak but have a profound effect on a person’s quality of life. Herbal plants have shown promising results in managing the pain that occurs in different regions of the head. Guo T et al. reported the presence of agrimoniin as a bioactive compound in the plant Agrimonia Pilosa to reduce headaches [34]. Lonicerae japonicae has been documented to regulate Headaches due to the presence of the promising compound Chlorogenic acid [35]. Other effective bioactive components that control headaches include Taurine in Lycium barbarum; Ursolic acid and Oleanolic acid in Origanum majorana [36, 37]. (Chiang S.T. et al., 2014; Sun Y et al., 2015). Also, positive results have been investigated for the plant Prunella vulgaris against headache [38].

5. Coronavirus

Coronaviruses are RNA (plus strand) viruses that have a genomic size 27-32 kb with an outer covering or envelop, belonging to the family Coronaviridae and the order Nidovirales A major outbreak of COVID-19, affecting several countries of the world, has altered everyone’s outlook. The strain responsible for causing this infection has been identified as SARS- COV 2 and is found to be a major problem for public health globally [39]. This SARS-COV 2 hijacks the host machinery and weakens the immune system. Extensive research is being conducted to produce a powerful vaccination that will entirely defeat the coronavirus. Unfortunately, no standard medicine or vaccine is available to treat the disease. Due to the different activities of Medicinal plants, they can be employed as active reagents for its elimination. Green tea has been reported to suppress sars-cov due to the presence of Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, and gallocatechin-3-gallate [40]. The bioactive component Polyphenols present in Broussonetia papyrifera have been documented for its suppression [41]. Quercus infectoria G. Olivier has been documented for its potential to arrest coronavirus by blocking the ACE 2 site. The inhibitory activity of the plant is due to the high content of phenols and antioxidant activity [42]. Ocimum sanctum contains Apigenin and Ursolic acid which are significant antiviral compounds. One docking study showed the binding affinities of seven different ingredients of Tulsi (Tulsinol A, B, C, D, E, F, G, dihydroeugenol) with the receptors of coronavirus which revealed the potential of Tulsi in fighting COVID-19 as it inhibits the virus’ replication and blocks the site of Ace II [40-43].

6. Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disorder affects the synovial joints by disrupting its lining, leading to the progression of the disease and even precocious (premature) death. NF-κB is transcription factor that regulate inflammatory activity and thus has a prominent role in the development of Rheumatoid arthritis [44].

Many traditional and modern biological drugs are available and doing a good job, however, a considerable number of individuals are not able to respond as productively as they should [45]. Thus, it’s an urgent requirement for such potent drugs that can be fulfilled in the form of herbal therapies. Withania somnifera, is a plant used significantly in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It possesses withanolide (a bioactive component) that inhibits the activation of NF-κB [46-48]. Also, another bio-potent compound, Withaferin A prevents the spontaneous and LPS-activated NF-κB at 10 µg/ml concentrations [49]. Thunder God Vine, scientifically known as Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF), inhibits several factors required for transcription such as NF-κB, NF-AT, and AP-1 [50]. The signaling of NF-κB can also be prevented by the anti-inflammatory property of the bioactive compound called guggulsterone that is present in the plant Commiphora Mukul [51-53]. Camellia sinensis have Epigallocatechin-3-gallate which has a role in inhibiting the expression of Mcl-1 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Also, studies reported its role in inhibiting TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65, TNF-α-induced NF-κB-p65 capacity to bind with DNA by more than 50% in comparison to only TNF-α treated samples [54]. Furthermore, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate decreases the concentration of NF-κB translocating to the nucleus, thereby downregulating the signaling of NF-κB and finally inhibits the binding of DNA in RA patients [55]. Curcuma longa, a known anti-arthritic plant, is well recognized because of its biological ingredient curcumin. the studies evaluated and documented the contribution of curcumin in the hindrance of NF-κB pathway [56-58].

7. Fever

Fever is the major and significant pervasive burden on mankind [59]. It develops as a symptom in many infectious disorders and it usually originates after a microbial attack. This is due to the release of pyrogens by the microorganism that reacts quickly on the organum vasculosum laminae terminals of the anterior hypothalamus that elevating the temperature of the body [60].  Several plants alleviates fever due to the presence of bioactive and potent compounds. The list includes Astragalus membranaceus (Astragaloside IV); Ligustrum lucidum (Specnuezhenide); Lonicerae japonicae (Chlorogenic acid); Paenonia lactiflora (Aminoguanidine); Platycodon grandiflorum (Luteolin); Pueraria lobata (Puerarin); Zingiber zerumbet (Zerumbone) and so on that are potent enough to reduce the feverish effects [61-67].

8. Hypertension

Hypertension is a heterogeneous disorder, characterized by  level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure of more than 140/mm Hg and 90 mm Hg respectively [68].. Several drugs like captopril, amiloride, losartan, verapamil, atenolol are used to treat high blood pressure [69, ,70]. However, these drugs are very costly and they can manage elevated blood levels in only 34% of the hypertensive population [71,72]. The wide range of supported clinical and preclinical proofs for the pharmacological potential of medicinal plants that too with low toxicity make them therapeutically perfect. Allium sativum has been reported for hypotensive activity because of allicin, diallyl disulfides, and S- allyl cysteine as its bioactive constituents [73, 74]. Andrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydro andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata extracts have been reported to decrease blood pressure by decreasing ROS levels in hypertensive rats [75]. The presence of Apegenin as a bioactive component in Apium graveolens blocked the contractions in the aortic ring [76].

9. Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative, inevitable, progressive disorder that affects memory, thinking behavior & other potential activities [77]. Accumulation of deposits of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the main hallmarks of Alzheimer [78].  Drugs such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, M-drugs, and amyloid degrading enzymes failed to clear beta-amyloid completely from the brain. Medicinal plants such as Curcuma longa, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiatica, Convolvulus pluricaulis have been reviewed, researched, and documented that shows the potent response in Alzheimer cure. These plants consist of active compounds like tannins, lignans, triterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, and polyphenols and work by inhibiting fibrillation, relaxing CNS, promoting memory [79, 80].

S. No	Diseases name	Plant name	Plant part used	Phytochemical	References
1.	Cancer	Alovera	leaves	Alexin B and emodin	[16]
Allium sativum	Bulb	allylmercaptocysteine and allicin	[17]
Amoora rohituka	Leaves extract	Amooranin	[18]
Andrographis paniculata	Leaves Extract	Andrographolide	[19]
Withania somnifera	Root and Leaves extract	Ashwagandhanolide	[20]
Psoralea corylifolia	Root, Leaves and Fruit	Bavachanin, corylfolinin, psoralen	[21]
Berbes vulgars	Fruit	Berberine, Cannabisin-G.	[22]
Betula utilis	Bark	Betulinic acid	[23]
Curcuma longa	Rhizome	Curcumin	[24]
Glycine max	Seed and oil	Daidzein and genistein  .	[38]
Panax ginseg	Root and Rhizome	Panaxadiol, panaxatriol.	[81]
2.	Diabetic retinopathy	Aegle marmelos	Leaves Extract	Cinnamic acid	[82] Sankeshi et al.,  2013.
Agrimonia pilosa ledeb	Leaves and Flower extract	Agrimoniin	[34]
Alpinia zerumbet	Boiled Leaves	Labdadiene	[83] Chompoo et al., 2011
Andrographis paniculata	Leaves extract	Andrographolide	[84] Yu et al., 2015
Aster Koraiensis	Young Leaves extract	Chlorogenic acid with 3,5,di-caffeoylquinic acid.	[85] Kim et al., 2016..
Carpobrotus edulis	Leaf Juice and leaf pulp	Ellagic acid	[86] Raghu et al., 2017.
	Cnidium officinale	Dried Rhizomes	Butylidenephthalide.	[85] Kim et al., 2016.
3.	Hepatitis B virus	Camellia sinensis	Leaves	Epigallocathechin-3-gallate.	[87] Maregesi et al., 2008.
Cyperus rotundus	Tuber	Cyperene-3, 8-dione, 14-hydroxy cyperotundone, 14-acetoxy cyperotundone, 3β-hydroxycyperenoic acid and sugetriol-3, 9-diacetate	[30]
		Phyllanthus acidus	leaves, stems, and root	Sesquiterpenoid	[31]
Phyllanthus emblica	leaves, stems, and root	Sesquiterpenoid glycoside dimers	[32]
Viola diffusa	Leaves	2β-hydroxy-3, 4-seco-friedelolactone-27-oic acid, 2β, 28β-dihydroxy-3,4-seco-friedelolactone-27-oic acid, 2β, 30β-dihydroxy-3,4-seco-friedelolactone-27-lactone and stigmastane, stigmast-25-ene-3β,5α,6β-triol	[33]
4.	Headache	Agrimonia ilosa ledeb	Leave and Flower	Agrimoniin	[34]
	Lonicerae japonicae	Flowers,seeds and leaves	Chlorogenic acid	[35]
Lycium barbarum	Dried berries	Taurine	[36]
Origanum majorana L.	Marjoram oil	Ursolic acid , Oleanolic acid	[37]
5.	Coronavirus	Green tea	Leaves	Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechingallate and gallocatechin-3-gallate.	[40]
Broussonetia papyrifera		Polyphenols	[41]
Sambucus Formosana	Stem ethanol extract	Phenolic acids: caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid with gallic acid.	[88] Weng et al., 2019.
		Sambucus Formosana	Stem ethanol extract	Flavonoids: herbacetin, isobavachalcone, quercetin 3‐β‐d‐glucoside with helichrysetin .	[89] Jo et al.,  2019.
6.	Fever	Astragalus membranaceous	Root	Astragaloside IV	[61]
Ligustrum lucidum	Ripe fruit	Specnuezhenide	[62]
Lonicerae japonicae	Flower and Flower bud	Chlorogenic acid	[63]
		Paenonia lactiflora	Dried root	Aminoguanidine	[64]
Platycodon grandiflorum	Root	Luteolin	[65]
Pueraria lobata	Root	Puerarin	[66]
	Zingiber zerumbet	Rhizome	Zerumbone	[67]

 Conclusion
We are moving away from nature as our lifestyle becomes more technologically advanced. We can’t get away from nature since we are part of it . Ayurvedic Medicines are natural items with no adverse effects, are relatively safe, eco-friendly, and readily available. Herbs have long been used to treat illnesses associated with the seasons. They must be promoted to preserve human lives. Many diseases and disorders can benefit from the use of medicinal plants. They are inexpensive, and they may be purchased without a prescription in health food stores, pharmacies, and online. The World Health Organization has claimed that 80 percent of the world’s population relies on herbal medication. Many developing nations have increased their efforts to collect ethnomedical data and conduct a scientific studies on therapeutic plants.

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